среда, 18 мая 2011 г.

Tracing Microbes Between Individuals Towards Personalized Oral Health Care

The human body is home to a complex ecosystem of microbes increasingly recognized as having a critical role in both health and disease. Viruses can attack and change the composition of bacterial communities, yet little is known about how this might influence human health. In a study published online in Genome Research, scientists have performed the first metagenomic analysis of a bacterial immune system in humans over time, finding that the defenses of the oral microbiome are unique and traceable, information that could help personalize oral health care in the future.



With recent advances in sequencing technologies, researchers are now sampling the genetic diversity of entire microbial and viral communities at once, including those residing within us. Recent studies have investigated viral communities of the respiratory and digestive tracts, suggesting that viruses might influence the microbial ecosystem and health of the human host. Less is known about how viruses affect the oral microbiome, which could have significant implications for diseases of the oral cavity.



A strategy for monitoring the interaction between bacterial communities and viruses is to sequence specific bacterial DNA elements that confer acquired immunity against viral attack, called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Bacteria integrate foreign DNA from encountered pathogens into "spacers" between the repeats, using the spacers to later recognize and respond to the attacker.



In this study, a team of scientists has for the first time analyzed the evolution of the CRISPR bacterial immune system over time in the human body, specifically investigating the oral microbiome. "We knew that bacteria developed specific resistance to viruses," said David Pride of the University of California, San Diego and lead author of the report, "but before this study, we had no idea of the extent to which certain oral bacteria in humans have utilized these resistance mechanisms against viruses."



Pride and colleagues obtained saliva samples from four healthy subjects over the course of 17 months, sequencing CRISPR elements from multiple streptococcal bacteria, the predominant oral community members in many people. The team's analysis of CRISPR repeat and spacer sequences revealed that although there is a set of CRISPRs maintained within each subject over time, ranging from 7% to 22%, there was a remarkable amount of change observed even in short periods.



"Each time we sampled our human subjects, approximately one-third of the immune repertoire in the bacterial community was new," Pride explained, "which suggests that the development of resistance to viruses is occurring at least on a daily basis, if not more frequently."



Pride added that because the bacterial immune repertoire was traceable within the individuals over time, they should be able to track the system within each person and also track bacteria passed between subjects.



"Because these immune features can be used to track bacteria and their respective viruses in humans," Pride said, "it may open to door to more personalized oral health care, where lineages of microbes are traced as a part of routine health care for individuals."



Scientists from the University of California, San Diego (La Jolla, CA), the University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley, CA), the Stanford University School of Medicine
(Stanford, CA), and the University of California, San Francisco (San Francisco, CA) contributed to this study.


This work was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the UNCF-Merck Science Initiative, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and the National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award.



About the article:


The manuscript will be published online ahead of print on December 13, 2010. Its full citation is as follows:
Pride DT, Sun CL, Salzman J, Rao N, Loomer P, Armitage GC, Banfield JF, Relman DA. Analysis of streptococcal CRISPRs from human saliva reveals substantial sequence diversity within and between subjects over time. Genome Res doi:10.1101/gr.111732.110.



Tracing Microbes Between Individuals Towards Personalized Oral Health Care

The human body is home to a complex ecosystem of microbes increasingly recognized as having a critical role in both health and disease. Viruses can attack and change the composition of bacterial communities, yet little is known about how this might influence human health. In a study published online in Genome Research, scientists have performed the first metagenomic analysis of a bacterial immune system in humans over time, finding that the defenses of the oral microbiome are unique and traceable, information that could help personalize oral health care in the future.



With recent advances in sequencing technologies, researchers are now sampling the genetic diversity of entire microbial and viral communities at once, including those residing within us. Recent studies have investigated viral communities of the respiratory and digestive tracts, suggesting that viruses might influence the microbial ecosystem and health of the human host. Less is known about how viruses affect the oral microbiome, which could have significant implications for diseases of the oral cavity.



A strategy for monitoring the interaction between bacterial communities and viruses is to sequence specific bacterial DNA elements that confer acquired immunity against viral attack, called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Bacteria integrate foreign DNA from encountered pathogens into "spacers" between the repeats, using the spacers to later recognize and respond to the attacker.



In this study, a team of scientists has for the first time analyzed the evolution of the CRISPR bacterial immune system over time in the human body, specifically investigating the oral microbiome. "We knew that bacteria developed specific resistance to viruses," said David Pride of the University of California, San Diego and lead author of the report, "but before this study, we had no idea of the extent to which certain oral bacteria in humans have utilized these resistance mechanisms against viruses."



Pride and colleagues obtained saliva samples from four healthy subjects over the course of 17 months, sequencing CRISPR elements from multiple streptococcal bacteria, the predominant oral community members in many people. The team's analysis of CRISPR repeat and spacer sequences revealed that although there is a set of CRISPRs maintained within each subject over time, ranging from 7% to 22%, there was a remarkable amount of change observed even in short periods.



"Each time we sampled our human subjects, approximately one-third of the immune repertoire in the bacterial community was new," Pride explained, "which suggests that the development of resistance to viruses is occurring at least on a daily basis, if not more frequently."



Pride added that because the bacterial immune repertoire was traceable within the individuals over time, they should be able to track the system within each person and also track bacteria passed between subjects.



"Because these immune features can be used to track bacteria and their respective viruses in humans," Pride said, "it may open to door to more personalized oral health care, where lineages of microbes are traced as a part of routine health care for individuals."



Scientists from the University of California, San Diego (La Jolla, CA), the University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley, CA), the Stanford University School of Medicine
(Stanford, CA), and the University of California, San Francisco (San Francisco, CA) contributed to this study.


This work was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the UNCF-Merck Science Initiative, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and the National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award.



About the article:


The manuscript will be published online ahead of print on December 13, 2010. Its full citation is as follows:
Pride DT, Sun CL, Salzman J, Rao N, Loomer P, Armitage GC, Banfield JF, Relman DA. Analysis of streptococcal CRISPRs from human saliva reveals substantial sequence diversity within and between subjects over time. Genome Res doi:10.1101/gr.111732.110.



Robert Kinloch Elected As New Chair Of Scottish Dental Practice Committee

Robert Kinloch has been elected as the new Chair of the Scottish Dental Practice Committee (SDPC) of the British Dental Association (BDA). Dr Kinloch, who practises at Alexandria, near Loch Lomond, was elected unopposed and takes up his responsibilities with immediate effect. He succeeds Colin Crawford, who resigned from the Committee to take up an appointment in the salaried dental service.


Dr Kinloch graduated from Glasgow Dental School in 1977. He has dedicated his whole career to general dental practice, working initially as an associate then establishing his own practice in 1981. He remains there to this day, providing predominantly NHS care.


He has a special interest in the role of information technology in dentistry, and has been an advocate of the extension of the N3 national broadband network to dental surgeries in Scotland, which it is hoped is a building block to full clinical systems. He has also provided dental care to the population of the upper reaches of the Amazon in Peru, as part of his work for the Vine Trust, a medical charity of which he is a board member.


He has extensive experience of representing the profession, both in Scotland and UK-wide. He is a current member of the BDA's Executive Board, Chair of the BDA's Scottish Council and Chair of the BDA's UK and Scottish Policy Health Groups. He was President of the West of Scotland branch from 2008 to 2009, and before that served as Branch Secretary for nine years.


Thanking his committee for his mandate, Dr Kinloch said:

"It is an honour to be elected to represent Scotland's high street dentists and I look forward to continuing the good work of SDPC. We have unresolved issues with changing decontamination requirements and plans to introduce lifelong patient registration. We are also pressing for the introduction of an oral health assessment and a revised Statement of Dental Remuneration. All of these issues must be tackled against a backdrop of uncertainty in public spending and a Scottish Government election in just over a year."


Dr Kinloch is married to Elizabeth and has two children. In his spare time he enjoys keeping fit and reading biographies.


Source
British Dental Association

Robert Kinloch Elected As New Chair Of Scottish Dental Practice Committee

Robert Kinloch has been elected as the new Chair of the Scottish Dental Practice Committee (SDPC) of the British Dental Association (BDA). Dr Kinloch, who practises at Alexandria, near Loch Lomond, was elected unopposed and takes up his responsibilities with immediate effect. He succeeds Colin Crawford, who resigned from the Committee to take up an appointment in the salaried dental service.


Dr Kinloch graduated from Glasgow Dental School in 1977. He has dedicated his whole career to general dental practice, working initially as an associate then establishing his own practice in 1981. He remains there to this day, providing predominantly NHS care.


He has a special interest in the role of information technology in dentistry, and has been an advocate of the extension of the N3 national broadband network to dental surgeries in Scotland, which it is hoped is a building block to full clinical systems. He has also provided dental care to the population of the upper reaches of the Amazon in Peru, as part of his work for the Vine Trust, a medical charity of which he is a board member.


He has extensive experience of representing the profession, both in Scotland and UK-wide. He is a current member of the BDA's Executive Board, Chair of the BDA's Scottish Council and Chair of the BDA's UK and Scottish Policy Health Groups. He was President of the West of Scotland branch from 2008 to 2009, and before that served as Branch Secretary for nine years.


Thanking his committee for his mandate, Dr Kinloch said:

"It is an honour to be elected to represent Scotland's high street dentists and I look forward to continuing the good work of SDPC. We have unresolved issues with changing decontamination requirements and plans to introduce lifelong patient registration. We are also pressing for the introduction of an oral health assessment and a revised Statement of Dental Remuneration. All of these issues must be tackled against a backdrop of uncertainty in public spending and a Scottish Government election in just over a year."


Dr Kinloch is married to Elizabeth and has two children. In his spare time he enjoys keeping fit and reading biographies.


Source
British Dental Association

Dental Scientists Convene In Dallas

Did you know that teledentistry can help provide orthodontic treatment to disadvantaged children? Did you know that saliva can provide diagnostic clues to your systemic health? Have you heard about the new "biological clock" that links tooth growth with other metabolic processes?



These are but a few of the thousands of pieces of information which will be presented when the American Association for Dental Research (AADR) holds its 37th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, April 2-5, 2008, at the Hilton Anatole Hotel in Dallas, Texas.



This year, nearly 1,300 scientific presentations will be made, divided among plenary/oral/poster sessions and symposia/workshops. Estimates are that over 2,000 dental scientists, educators, students, and practicing dentists will convene, representing the latest thinking in dental research.



In addition to the individual presentations, there will be plenary sessions, symposia, and workshops during the four-day meeting, dealing with special-interest topics ranging from improving the oral health of the elderly to advances in local anesthesia. There will also be a "Late-breaking News" session on Saturday morning, featuring nearly 20 exciting presentations on new discoveries.



Featured during Meeting Week will be the AADR/Johnson & Johnson Oral Health Products Hatton Awards Competition for student investigators. The presentations, in poster format, will be judged by top-level scientists. In addition to receiving cash prizes and plaques, winners will compete in the IADR/Unilever Hatton Awards Competition in Toronto, ON, Canada, in July.



The Opening Ceremonies and Awards Program, on Wednesday, April 2, will provide an exciting kick-off for the week's activities. Many awards and fellowships, including the 2008 AADR Distinguished Scientist Award (green section), will be presented.



The Distinguished Lecture Series will feature presentations by three eminent scientists:



* "Nanotechnology for the Enhancement of Human Health", Jim Baker, Jr. [Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine & Biological Science (MNIMBS), Ann Arbor], 11 a.m., Wednesday, April 2



* "Engineering the Clinical Research Enterprise in a Multi-institutional and Multidisciplinary Environment", Milton Packer (University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas), 11:30 a.m., Thursday, April 3



* "Genetic Control of Heart Development and Disease", Eric Olson (University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas), 11:30 a.m., Friday, April 4



These lectures will occur in the Stemmons Ballroom of the Hilton Anatole Hotel.



* A Plenary Session, "Careers in Dental and Craniofacial Research: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly - Mainly the Good!", will be held for students on Thursday, April 3, at 4 p.m.



* The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, one of the National Institutes of Health, is celebrating its 60th anniversary with daily workshops and symposia.
















One of the unique opportunities offered to students is Lunch & Learning, where students may sign up to discuss, over an informal luncheon, topics of interest with senior researchers. This year, Lunch & Learning will be held on Thursday, April 3. Ten senior scientists from a wide variety of disciplines are volunteering their services for this event.



Returning for the fifth consecutive year are Keynote Speakers, who will be presenting "state-of-the-science" addresses in all of the Scientific Groups.



Also returning to the AADR meeting is a Job Opportunity Bulletin Service (JOBS), available to all registrants, located in the AADR Registration Area. Bulletin boards will be available to job recruiters to post job vacancies. There will also be a New Member Orientation Reception (Wednesday, April 3, 8:30 a.m.), where new members can learn about becoming more involved in the AADR and its specialty Groups and Committees.



For the 27th consecutive year, commercial exhibits will be featured at the Meeting. Meeting participants are encouraged to visit the booths of the following:



Confirmed Exhibitors (as of March 20, 2008)



Exhibitor (Commercial) -- Booth #



3M ESPE Dental Products -- Hospitality Center

BioHorizons -- 216

Bisco Dental Products -- 403

Brasseler USA -- 307

Case Dental & Medical Supply, Inc. -- 306

Colgate-Palmolive Company -- 200-202

Community Research -- 407

Crest Oral-B, P&G Professional Oral Health -- 100-102

Den-Mat Holdings, LLC -- 201

DENTSPLY International -- 303

Designs For Vision, Inc. -- 210

Esstech, Inc. & Specialty Glass, Inc. -- 410

GC America Inc. -- 302

GlaxoSmithKline -- 400

Johnson & Johnson Healthcare Products Division of McNEIL-PPC, INC. -- 301

Kerr Corporation -- 402

Kuraray America Inc. -- 408

Microbiology International -- 116

Mosby - Elsevier -- 314

Natural Dentist Inc. -- 508

Olympus Corporation -- 214

OMNI Preventive Care, A 3M ESPE Company -- Hospitality Center

Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc. -- 500

Scanco USA, Inc. -- 310

Septodont -- 401

Southern Dental Industries (SDI) -- 203

Sunstar Americas, Inc. -- 309

The Journal of Clinical Dentistry -- 506

Tokuyama America, Inc. -- 114

Ultradent Products, Inc. -- 206-208

Wiley-Blackwell -- 415

Zimmer Dental -- 300



Exhibitor (Educational)



Baylor College of Dentistry:

Texas A&M University Health Science Center -- 316

Forsyth Institute -- 215-217

Howard Hughes Medical Institute -- 308

Minnesota Craniofacial Research

Training (MinnCResT) Program -- 516

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research -- Island 106

NYU Global Public Health -- 311

Stanford University

(Stanford/NASA National Biocomputation Center -- 514

UCLA School of Dentistry -- 510

University of Alberta -- 414

University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry -- 399

University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine -- 502

University of Iowa College of Dentistry -- 411

University of Michigan School of Dentistry -- 406

University of Missouri-Kansas City -- 416

University of North Carolina -- 417

University of Tennessee College of Dentistry -- 315

University of Washington School of Dentistry -- 317



The Exhibition will be held, with the scientific posters, in Trinity Hall I of the Exhibit Hall at the Hilton Anatole Hotel. Exhibit hours will be from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. on Thursday, April 3, and from 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. on Friday, April 4. In addition to the scientific portion of the meeting, participants will have ample opportunity to sample the many social offerings available in Dallas and its environs. The 37th Annual Meeting promises to provide an exciting forum for scientific exchange that should be rewarding for all who attend.






Dental Scientists Convene In Dallas

Did you know that teledentistry can help provide orthodontic treatment to disadvantaged children? Did you know that saliva can provide diagnostic clues to your systemic health? Have you heard about the new "biological clock" that links tooth growth with other metabolic processes?



These are but a few of the thousands of pieces of information which will be presented when the American Association for Dental Research (AADR) holds its 37th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, April 2-5, 2008, at the Hilton Anatole Hotel in Dallas, Texas.



This year, nearly 1,300 scientific presentations will be made, divided among plenary/oral/poster sessions and symposia/workshops. Estimates are that over 2,000 dental scientists, educators, students, and practicing dentists will convene, representing the latest thinking in dental research.



In addition to the individual presentations, there will be plenary sessions, symposia, and workshops during the four-day meeting, dealing with special-interest topics ranging from improving the oral health of the elderly to advances in local anesthesia. There will also be a "Late-breaking News" session on Saturday morning, featuring nearly 20 exciting presentations on new discoveries.



Featured during Meeting Week will be the AADR/Johnson & Johnson Oral Health Products Hatton Awards Competition for student investigators. The presentations, in poster format, will be judged by top-level scientists. In addition to receiving cash prizes and plaques, winners will compete in the IADR/Unilever Hatton Awards Competition in Toronto, ON, Canada, in July.



The Opening Ceremonies and Awards Program, on Wednesday, April 2, will provide an exciting kick-off for the week's activities. Many awards and fellowships, including the 2008 AADR Distinguished Scientist Award (green section), will be presented.



The Distinguished Lecture Series will feature presentations by three eminent scientists:



* "Nanotechnology for the Enhancement of Human Health", Jim Baker, Jr. [Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine & Biological Science (MNIMBS), Ann Arbor], 11 a.m., Wednesday, April 2



* "Engineering the Clinical Research Enterprise in a Multi-institutional and Multidisciplinary Environment", Milton Packer (University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas), 11:30 a.m., Thursday, April 3



* "Genetic Control of Heart Development and Disease", Eric Olson (University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas), 11:30 a.m., Friday, April 4



These lectures will occur in the Stemmons Ballroom of the Hilton Anatole Hotel.



* A Plenary Session, "Careers in Dental and Craniofacial Research: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly - Mainly the Good!", will be held for students on Thursday, April 3, at 4 p.m.



* The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, one of the National Institutes of Health, is celebrating its 60th anniversary with daily workshops and symposia.
















One of the unique opportunities offered to students is Lunch & Learning, where students may sign up to discuss, over an informal luncheon, topics of interest with senior researchers. This year, Lunch & Learning will be held on Thursday, April 3. Ten senior scientists from a wide variety of disciplines are volunteering their services for this event.



Returning for the fifth consecutive year are Keynote Speakers, who will be presenting "state-of-the-science" addresses in all of the Scientific Groups.



Also returning to the AADR meeting is a Job Opportunity Bulletin Service (JOBS), available to all registrants, located in the AADR Registration Area. Bulletin boards will be available to job recruiters to post job vacancies. There will also be a New Member Orientation Reception (Wednesday, April 3, 8:30 a.m.), where new members can learn about becoming more involved in the AADR and its specialty Groups and Committees.



For the 27th consecutive year, commercial exhibits will be featured at the Meeting. Meeting participants are encouraged to visit the booths of the following:



Confirmed Exhibitors (as of March 20, 2008)



Exhibitor (Commercial) -- Booth #



3M ESPE Dental Products -- Hospitality Center

BioHorizons -- 216

Bisco Dental Products -- 403

Brasseler USA -- 307

Case Dental & Medical Supply, Inc. -- 306

Colgate-Palmolive Company -- 200-202

Community Research -- 407

Crest Oral-B, P&G Professional Oral Health -- 100-102

Den-Mat Holdings, LLC -- 201

DENTSPLY International -- 303

Designs For Vision, Inc. -- 210

Esstech, Inc. & Specialty Glass, Inc. -- 410

GC America Inc. -- 302

GlaxoSmithKline -- 400

Johnson & Johnson Healthcare Products Division of McNEIL-PPC, INC. -- 301

Kerr Corporation -- 402

Kuraray America Inc. -- 408

Microbiology International -- 116

Mosby - Elsevier -- 314

Natural Dentist Inc. -- 508

Olympus Corporation -- 214

OMNI Preventive Care, A 3M ESPE Company -- Hospitality Center

Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc. -- 500

Scanco USA, Inc. -- 310

Septodont -- 401

Southern Dental Industries (SDI) -- 203

Sunstar Americas, Inc. -- 309

The Journal of Clinical Dentistry -- 506

Tokuyama America, Inc. -- 114

Ultradent Products, Inc. -- 206-208

Wiley-Blackwell -- 415

Zimmer Dental -- 300



Exhibitor (Educational)



Baylor College of Dentistry:

Texas A&M University Health Science Center -- 316

Forsyth Institute -- 215-217

Howard Hughes Medical Institute -- 308

Minnesota Craniofacial Research

Training (MinnCResT) Program -- 516

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research -- Island 106

NYU Global Public Health -- 311

Stanford University

(Stanford/NASA National Biocomputation Center -- 514

UCLA School of Dentistry -- 510

University of Alberta -- 414

University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry -- 399

University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine -- 502

University of Iowa College of Dentistry -- 411

University of Michigan School of Dentistry -- 406

University of Missouri-Kansas City -- 416

University of North Carolina -- 417

University of Tennessee College of Dentistry -- 315

University of Washington School of Dentistry -- 317



The Exhibition will be held, with the scientific posters, in Trinity Hall I of the Exhibit Hall at the Hilton Anatole Hotel. Exhibit hours will be from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. on Thursday, April 3, and from 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. on Friday, April 4. In addition to the scientific portion of the meeting, participants will have ample opportunity to sample the many social offerings available in Dallas and its environs. The 37th Annual Meeting promises to provide an exciting forum for scientific exchange that should be rewarding for all who attend.






No Registration - No Excuses - No Job - General Dental Council, UK

"It's that simple," said GDC President Hew Mathewson, speaking at the GDC Council meeting this week in Cardiff. He continued: "If you're a dental technician wondering about whether to register or not, the message from the GDC is loud and clear - register now or find a new career. If you pass up the chance to register during transition, it will be too late. There's no opting out. If someone advises you not to register, why not ask them if they'll pay your fine, or subsidise your lab when the work stops in August?"



GDC Chief Executive Duncan Rudkin explained: "From August next year, if you're not registered and you call yourself a dental technician, we will prosecute you in court. If you call yourself something else but imply that you are a dental technician, we will prosecute you in court. And if you are a GDC registrant sending lab work to unregistered technicians or employing them as such, you'll face fitness to practise proceedings and put your own registration at risk."


The Council has issued this sharp warning to dental technicians as the legal deadline for registration approaches. Continuing to work unregistered after the July 2008 deadline is not a viable option.


All dental technicians and dental nurses must be registered with the GDC by 30 July 2008. More information about registration, including application forms, is available from the GDC website at gdc-uk. You can also request an application form by contacting our Registration Department on GDCregistrationgdc-uk.


After 30 July 2008, a dental technician who has an old qualification (one not recognised after 30 July 2008), or who has no qualification and plans to register on the basis of experience, will permanently lose the opportunity to register as a dental technician, unless they are able and willing to qualify from scratch.


Dental technicians need to pay a first registration fee and nothing more until July 2009 when the first annual retention fee is due. The current registration fee of ??72 is guaranteed until the end of 2007. From 1 January 2008 the fee will be ??96.


Students enrolled on a GDC-approved training programme will be able to work without being registered with the GDC until they have finished their studies. The GDC is developing more detailed guidance on how this will work, but student status is not a viable alternative to registration for someone who is already a dental technician.


Guidance to dentists and registered dental care professionals will ensure that laboratory work cannot be commissioned from or provided by unregistered individuals, who will be effectively disabled from offering dental laboratory services.


The Council meeting took place on Tuesday 18 September 2007 in Cardiff.

General Dental Council, UK